Mitochondria are ancient organelles derived from α-proto-bacteria and retain a semi-autonomous genetic system. In addition to encoding 37 genes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been found to produce peptides like humanin and MOTS-c, which exhibit significant biological activities. These mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) regulate metabolism and act as mitochondrial signals influencing cellular functions. Specifically, MOTS-c enhances glucose metabolism, potentially affecting obesity, diabetes, and longevity. This discovery highlights the broader genetic capabilities of mitochondria beyond their traditional roles.
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